JACKSON, Miss. (AP) - Phillip Martin, a longtime chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, was remembered Friday as a visionary who lifted the tribe from stifling poverty with casinos. The current Miko or tribal chief of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is Cyrus Ben. Ben was elected in 2019, defeating incumbent tribal chief Phyliss J. Ben is the youngest tribal chief elected. In July 2007, Beasley Denson was elected to replace the previous Chief Philip Martin. He served until 2011.

This is a list of casinos in Mississippi.

List of casinos[edit]

Gallery[edit]

Jackson Mississippi Casinos And Hotels

• Treasure Bay Casino in the 1990s, before Hurricane Katrina

• Golden Moon Casino

• Harraha's Tunica

• Island View Casino

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Jubilee closing set for April 17'. Delta Democrat Times. Greenville, MS. April 1, 2012 – via NewsBank.
2. ^Vicksburg casino closes surprising employees, customers

External links[edit]

Levi Colbert (1759–1834), also known as Itawamba in Chickasaw, was a leader and chief of the Chickasaw nation. Colbert was called Itte-wamba Mingo, meaning bench chief.^[1] He and his brother George Colbert were prominent interpreters and negotiators with United States negotiators appointed by PresidentAndrew Jackson's administration to gain cession of their lands and arrange for removal to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. They were under considerable pressure from the Mississippi state government, white interlopers in their area, and the federal government.

Levi Colbert (Itawamba) worked most closely with US Indian AgentJohn Dabney Terrell, Sr. of Marion County, Alabama. The Chickasaw negotiated hard; after their representatives initially surveyed the lands offered in the West, they returned saying it was unacceptable. The Chickasaw worked to gain more approval over their future lands.^[2]

Early life and education[edit]

Levi Colbert was born in 1759 ^[3]as one of six sons of James Logan Colbert (1721 - 1784), a North Carolinian of Scots ancestry, and his second wife Sopha Minta Hoye, a Chickasaw. Colbert, known as Itawamba, was born in Muscle Shoals, Alabama in a settlement along the Tennessee River.^[3][4][5] He and his mixed-race siblings grew up bilingual and were educated in both Chickasaw and European-American traditions.^[6] According to the entry in the Chickasaw Hall of Fame, he was born in the Chickasaw Nation, in what is now Alabama, in 1759. ^[3][7] When Levi Colbert assumed the title of head chief of the Chickasaw Nation, he was living at that time on the bluff west of the Chickasaw Indian trading post known as Cotton Gin Port, established near the old cotton gin and where there was a large spreading oak known as the council tree.^[8]

As the Chickasaw had a matrilinealkinship system of descent and inheritance, children were considered to belong to the mother's clan. They gained their status through her, and hereditary leadership for males was passed through the maternal line.

Removal[edit]

Levi Colbert and his brother George were prominent among the negotiators for the Chickasaw when they met with US government officials related to treaties and removal.^[9] A written report given to the US Senate on January 15, 1827 noted that US commissioners assigned to negotiate a treaty with the Chickasaw Nation had met in parley on November 1, 1826 with members of that tribe. It reported that Levi Colbert, on behalf of agents of that nation, said that 'there was not a man in the nation who would consent to sell either the whole or part of their lands.' Although opposed to the Indian Removal Act of 1830,^[10] the Chickasaw chiefs of the council signed a treaty, based on the tribe's removal, in a treaty meeting with General John Coffee and other United States representatives in November 1832. They wanted to keep peace, and they were suffering from the agrressive and hostile behavior of the Mississippi state government, as well as white settlers in their territory. Their removal was to west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory. This treaty promised 25 cents per acre for their land, less than half of what the government had initially promised.

In a long letter to President Andrew Jackson in November 1832, Colbert noted the many complaints the chiefs had with the resulting Treaty of Pontotoc Creek. He restated their position, and noted their belief that General Coffee had ignored their comments and viewpoints. They had wanted the tribe to keep control of the money resulting from sale of their lands, they were not ready to choose land in Indian Territory, they did not want to share a reservation in Indian Territory with 'half breeds' (mixed-race persons they did not consider members of their people), and they were dismayed at the way they had been treated by General Coffee. More than 40 chiefs who had attended the treaty council signed the letter with Colbert. They were chiefs of the clans and leading villages.^[11]

Colbert had been ill during the meeting and was unable to attend all the sessions.^[11] He died in 1834, two years after the final treaty was signed and Chickasaws were preparing to remove to Indian Territory.

Some of Colbert's goals were achieved in a treaty of 1837, which enabled the tribe to control monies resulting from the sale of their homesteads and ensured they would be compensated for improvements.

Intra-tribal conflict[edit]

Colbert did not want conflict; he wanted peace with the US government, even if it meant giving up his people's land. He wanted to try to preserve his people's rights during negotiations, as they were pressured by increasing conflict with encroaching European-American settlers and governments. He was very concerned that the federal government was treating equally with mixed-race men he called 'half-breeds.' Although Colbert was of mixed descent, he had grown up identifying with the Chickasaw culture and his mother's clan.^[11]

He believed some white men were marrying into the tribe just to try to get control of land. By the 1830s, he felt such men were ignoring traditional practices and the tribe's recognized chiefs in seeking personal gain.^[11]

Family[edit]

'He married three times. He married Ishtimmarharlechar. She was listed as a resident in the census report in Chickasaw Roll, Chickasaw Nation, MS, 1818. He married Temusharhoctay 'Dollie' (Schtimmarshashoctay) before 1795. Temusharhoctay was born before 1780. She was listed as a resident in the census report in Chickasaw Nation, MS, 1818. He married Mintahoyo House of Imatapo before 1799. Mintahoyo was born before 1799. Mintahoyo died after 1839.'^[12] Most of the younger children were educated at Charity Hall school, a mile and a half from their home, (also called Bell Indian Mission).^[9] It has been described as 'a mission school ... established in 1820, near Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi, by Rev. Robert Bell, under the auspices of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, for the education of Chickasaw children.'^[13]

Death[edit]

Colbert died June 2, 1834, at Buzzard Roost, Alabama,^[3] His brother George Colbert succeeded him as leader of the Chickasaw.^[14]

Legacy[edit]

Several places were named after him:

Jackson County Mississippi News

• Itawamba County, Mississippi^[15]
• Colbert's Spring, Alabama ^[16]
• Colbert County, Alabama was named after him and his brother George Colbert.^[17]

See also[edit]

• George Colbert, his brother
• Holmes Colbert, his nephew and writer of the Chickasaw Constitution

References[edit]

1. ^'Natchez Trace to Meriwether Lewis'. Natchez Trace Parkway. Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
2. ^John Mitchell Allman III, The Heritage of Lamar County, Alabama. A written report dated November 2, 1827 and presented to the US Senate on January 15, 1827, mentions the failure of the Choctaw negotiations in that month, and the unsuccessful Chickasaw negotiations the previous month. 'The special agent, Colonel John D. Terrell, seems to have been active and zealous in communicating with the chiefs and leading men of the nation, endeavoring to prepare their minds for a cession of their lands. But it seems to have no other effect than to prepare them for an organized opposition to the views of the Government, through the influence before observed...' The report was signed by Generals Thomas Hinds and John Coffee.
3. ^ ^abcd'Levi Colbert'. Chickasaw Nation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
4. ^'James Logan COLBERT 1721-1784, about 1721 - 7th Jan 1784, Trader, Chickasaw Nation, Mississippi'. Archived from the original on 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
5. ^'Sopha Minta HOYA 1721-1836'. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
6. ^'Levi Colbert', Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture, accessed 3 Nov 2009
7. ^'Chickasaw Chiefs and Prominent Men'. Mississippi Genealogical & Historical Research. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
8. ^Dr. W.A. Evans, Aberdeen Examiner July 2, 1932 (taken from The Heritage of Lamar County, Alabama, by John Mitchell Allman III)
9. ^ ^ab'Cotton Gin Port/ Chickasaw Indians at the Port'. Mississippi Crossings. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
10. ^'History of the Shoals'. Roots Web, Lauerdale County, Alabama History. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
11. ^ ^abcd{{cite web|url=http://www.chickasawhistory.com/CHICL_32.htm |title='Letter: Levi Colbert to President Andrew Jackson, 22 NOV 1832'|publisher=Chickasaw TV| work=History] Archived 2011-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, Chickasaw Letters -- 1832, Chickasaw Historical Research Website (Kerry M. Armstrong), accessed 12 December 2011
12. ^'Levi Itawamba Minco Colbert (1759 - 1834)'. Geni. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
13. ^Carolyn Thomas Foreman. 'Charity Hall, an Early Chickasaw School'. Chronicles of Oklahoma. 11 (3): 912. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
14. ^'Col George Colbert (1744 - 1839)'. Find A Grave Memorial. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
15. ^'Welcome to Itawamba County!'. Itawamba County Mississippi Genealogy & History Network. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
16. ^Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie (1921). History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 235.
17. ^McAdory (1921), p. 302

Further reading[edit]

• 'Refusal of the Chickasaws and Choctaws to Cede Their Lands in Mississippi: 1826', Avalon Project, Yale University
• Kerry M. Armstrong, compiler, Chickasaw Historical Research Website, includes numerous primary sources, including some dating to before Removal
• Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie (1921). History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 302.

External links[edit]

• Levi Colbert Profile and Videos - Chickasaw.TV
• Natchez Trace Parkway - Buzzard Roost Spring, near Cherokee, AL, Home place and site of inn run by Chickasaw chief Levi Colbert
• 'Maj Levi It-a-wam-ba Mingo 'Setting King' Colbert (1759 - 1834)'. Find A Grave Memorial. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
• 'Levi Colbert b. 1759 Muscle Shoals, Colbert County. Alabama d. 2 JUN 1834 Buzzard Roost Spring, Colbert County. Alabama: Lest Our Past Be Forgotten'. Lawrence Stanley Family Genealogy. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
• 'Levi Colbert'. Viki's Little Corner of the Web : A Resource for Chickasaw Native American History and Genealogy. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2013-02-05.