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In mechanical engineering, a key is a machine element used to connect a rotating machine element to a shaft. The key prevents relative rotation between the two parts and may enable torque transmission. For a key to function, the shaft and rotating machine element must have a keyway and a keyseat, which is a slot and pocket in which the key fits. The whole system is called a keyed joint.[1][2] A keyed joint may allow relative axial movement between the parts.
Commonly keyed components include gears, pulleys, couplings, and washers.
- 1Types
- 1.1Sunk key
- 2Keyseating
- 5References
Aug 26, 2018 Keyway, Key, & Keyseat Work with Keyseat Cutters Whenever we need to affix a part to a shaft, such as a gear or pulley, keyways, keys, and keyseat work comes into play. So, let’s begin by getting our terminology straight. A Keyway is a slot of some kind that is used to align the part. Woodruff Key Seat Cutters with 1/2' diameter straight shank. Ideal for cutting standard and woodruff keyways in steel and other ferrous materials. American Standard #404. Woodruff Key Seat Cutter. Woodruff Key Seat Cutter 5/8' x 3/32' Price: $22.25. 5/8' Nominal Diameter, 3/32' Face Width, 2-3/32' Overall Length, 1/2' diameter straight.
Woodruff Key Shaft Dimensions
Types[edit]
There are five main types of keys: sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and spline.
Sunk key[edit]
Types of sunk keys: rectangular, square, parallel sunk, gib-head, feather, and Woodruff.
Parallel keys[edit]
Parallel keys are the most widely used. They have a square or rectangular cross-section. Square keys are used for smaller shafts and rectangular faced keys are used for shaft diameters over 6.5 in (170 mm) or when the wall thickness of the mating hub is an issue. Set screws often accompany parallel keys to lock the mating parts into place.[3] The keyway is a longitudinal slot in both the shaft and mating part.
The keyseat in a shaft for a parallel key
A sprocket with an internal parallel keyway
Cross-section of a parallel keyed joint
- W = d/4[clarification needed]
- H = 2d/3[clarification needed]
where
- W is the key width
- H is the key height
- d is the shaft diameter
Woodruff keys [edit]
Woodruff keys are semicircular, fitting partly into a circular segment keyway with the remainder fitting into a longitudinal slot keyway in the mating part. The circular segment can be cut directly by plunge cutting with a circular Woodruff cutter without any reliefs. The main advantage of the Woodruff key is the elimination of milling near shaft shoulders, where stress concentrations,[4] and concentricity would be affected.[3] The latter is particularly important for high speed operation. The more exact fit of the key and keyway also reduces play, and stress concentrations in, and improves the reliability of the key. An additional advantage is a stuck key can be removed from a shaft with a hammer blow, the circular profile will push the key out of the slot, as opposed to a standard key which will need to be pushed axially, or pulled out of its slot. Common applications include machine tools, automotive applications, snowblowers and marinepropellers.
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This type of key was developed by W.N. Woodruff of Connecticut. In 1888, he was awarded the John Scott Medal by the Franklin Institute for his invention.[5]
A Woodruff key installed
A Woodruff key and keyway
Gear G is positively located on shaft S by Woodruff key N
Tapered keys[edit]
The tapered key is tapered only on the side that engages the hub. The keyway in the hub has a taper that matches that of the tapered key. Some taper keys have a gib, or tab, for easy removal during disassembly. The purpose of the taper is to secure the key itself, as well as, to firmly engage the shaft to the hub without the need for a set screw. The problem with taper keys is that they can cause the center of the shaft rotation to be slightly off of the mating part.[3] It is different from a tapered shaft lock in that tapered keys have a matching taper on the keyway, while tapered shaft locks do not.
Others[edit]
A Scotch key or Dutch key features a circular keyway hole (instead of rectangular), produced by drilling axially into the assembled hub and shaft, with a metal dowel pin serving as the key. If the hole and key are tapered, the key is referred to as a Dutch pin, which is driven in and optionally finished by cutting or grinding flush with the end of the shaft. If a straight Dutch keyway hole is optionally tapped with a thread, then an ordinary screw serves as the threaded Dutch key.
Spring pins are an alternative Dutch key component, instead of solid dowel pins. A spring pin is self-fastening and does not work loose under vibration. Hollow spring pins provide a weaker shear strength than a solid dowel pin, and the strength may be varied by varying the wall thickness. This limited shear strength specification is designed to sustain normal operation, but then give way in the event of excessive shaft torque, thus protecting the rest of the machine from damage.
Introducing an additional bushing component between hub and shaft improves the performance and convenience of keyed joints. Taper-Lock bushings are keyed hub fittings which provide three threaded Dutch keyways and two setscrews as Dutch keys, in addition to the rectangular keyway. The Dutch keyways are threaded only on the alternate hub side or shaft side, with a thread clearance hole form on the opposite side. By simply driving setscrews into selected holes, the hub mechanism conveniently operates to rigidly lock or definitely release from the shaft, without hammering or hub-pulling. Quick-disconnect (QD) bushings work similarly, but place a circular pattern of three unthreaded and three fully threaded holes further out from the shaft axis on a bushing flange, instead of across the bushing-to-hub interface.
A Hirth joint is similar to a spline joint but with the teeth on the end of the shaft instead of on the surface.
Saddle keys[edit]
These types of keys are generally attached to the driving member (e.g. shafts). These types of keys have less strength as compared with the sunk keys. These are rarely used keys, to transmit lower power to the driven members (e.g. couplings)
Tangent keys[edit]
Tangent keys are used in high-torque heavy-duty applications. The keyway is similar to a parallel key, except it extends tangentially out of the external shaft into the internal shaft. What would have been the side of each keyway forms heels against which the key sits, and transfers force compressively. This latter point means that for reversible motion of the shaft, another key along a tangent outwards in the opposing direction is needed. Typically this will be offset by 90° or 180° on the shaft. The key may be wedge, rectangular, or square shaped, but particularly rectangular double-taper keys are used.
Spline key[edit]
This type of key uses multiple keyways in the hub to transmit high power.
Keyseating[edit]
Keyseating is the creation of the slots in the mating items. Keyseating can be done on a variety of different machines including a broach, a keyseater, wire-cut EDM, a shaper or vertical slotting machine, either a vertical or horizontal mill, or with a chisel and file.
Keyway cutters
Special cutters
Slotting tools
Different slotting tools
Broaching[edit]
Broaching is primarily used to cut square cornered internal keyways. The specific broach, bushing and guide are used for each given keyway cross-section, which makes this process more expensive than most of the alternatives. However, it can produce the most accurate keyway out of all the processes. There are three main steps in broaching a keyway: First, the workpiece is set on the arbor press and the bushing is placed in the opening of the workpiece. Next, the broach is inserted and pushed through, cutting the keyway. Finally, shims are placed between the bushing and the broach to achieve the correct depth necessary for the key.[6]
Keyseater[edit]
Keyseaters, also known as keyseating machines and keyway cutters, are specialized machines designed to cut keyways. They are very similar to vertical shapers; the difference is that the cutting tool on a keyseater enters the workpiece from the bottom and cuts on the down-stroke, while the tool on a shaper enters the workpiece from the top and cuts downward. Another difference is a keyseater has a guiding system above the workpiece to minimize deflection, which results in a closer tolerance cut. The process starts by clamping the workpiece to the table with a fixture or vise. The workpiece is properly located and then the reciprocating arm is started. Some models have a stationary table so the cutter is fed horizontally into the workpiece, while others have a movable table that feeds the workpiece into a fixed cutter. These machines can cut other straight sided features other than keyways (see the picture). They can also produce blind slots, which are slots that do not extend through the whole workpiece.[7][8]
Wire-cut electrical-discharge machining (EDM)[edit]
Wire-cut electrical-discharge machining (EDM) is primarily used for small production lot sizes where either extreme precision is required or other cutting technologies are not readily available. Wire-cut EDM cuts keyways by eroding material away from the workpiece through a series of rapid electric current discharges between a spooling wire and the workpiece through a dielectric liquid. Computer numerical control (CNC) wire-cut EDM machines allow for a wide variety selection of keyways to be cut, inclusive of multiple keyways on the same hub. The main limitations of CNC wire-cut EDM is the time it takes to cut a keyway as well as the size of parts a given wire-cut EDM machine can accommodate.[9]
Shaping or slotting[edit]
Shaping or slotting is largely used for cutting keyways that do not extend through the full length of the part. Like keyseating, shaping uses a single-point cutting tool for cutting, however, shapers are not guided through the cut on a fixed post. As such, shaper cuts are generally more susceptible to deflection than keyseater cuts.[9]
Milling[edit]
Parallel, tapered, and Woodruff keyways can be produced on a milling machine. End mills or slotting cutters are used for parallel and tapered keyways, while a Woodruff cutter is used for Woodruff keyways.[10]
For internal keyways that are not too long, the keyways can be milled if a radius is acceptable.
Chiseling[edit]
One of the earliest forms of keyseating was done by chiseling. The keyway is roughed out using a chisel and then filed to size; the key is tried frequently to avoid over filing. This technique is long, tedious, and rarely used anymore.[11]
Keyed joints[edit]
A shear key is a feature intended to fail and avoid further damage should the machinery be accidentally operated in excess of its design limits. Shear keys may be any of the designs described above, but are made from a weaker material than the shaft. The shear key is easily and inexpensively replaced, and avoids more serious damage to the mechanism that would be costly or difficult to repair. For example, a steel shaft and pulley may employ a brass key. When excessive torque is applied to the joint, the steel edges shear the brass key into two pieces, leaving the pulley spinning loosely on the shaft and relieving the rest of the machine from possible damage.
Two parallel keys can be used if the shaft connection requires a higher torque rating.[3]
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Improperly machined keyways that had cutter deflection or drifting occur, may not be strong enough for the required application.[12]
Woodruff Key Dimensions Chart Pdf
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Bhandari, V. B. (2007), Design of machine elements (2nd ed.), Tata McGraw-Hill, p. 340, ISBN978-0-07-061141-2.
- ^Leonard 1908, p. 394.
- ^ abcdKeys and Keyways(PDF), archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-03-19, retrieved 2010-03-19.
- ^Shigley, Joseph; Mischke, Charles (1989), Mechanical Engineering Design (5 ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN0-07-331657-1.
- ^Garfield, Eugene (2007). 'The John Scott Award Recipients from 1826 - present'. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
- ^Krar, S. F. (1983). Machine tool operations. (pp. 84–85). New York: Gregg Division McGraw-Hill.
- ^Keyseating, retrieved 2010-01-30.
- ^Wick, C. H. (1964). Versatility of keyseating. Machinery (NY), 70(8), 138-140.
- ^ abCutting Keyways - Broaching, Keyseating, Wire-Cut EDM, Shaping, & Milling, retrieved 2014-12-03.
- ^Kibbe, R. R. (1995). Machine tool practices. (5th ed. ed., p. 572). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
- ^Leonard 1908, p. 40.
- ^Romig, J. V. (1926). The Popular Science Monthly. The Popular Science Monthly., 110(5), 72, 124.
Bibliography[edit]
Woodruff Keyway Dimensions
- Leonard, William Samuel (1919). Machine-shop Tools and Methods (Revised 7th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39–42. OCLC848146647. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keys and keyways. |
Woodruff Key Slot Dimensions
- Key joint article from the 1979 Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Address phaseRe: Slot dimensioning question allen key slot dimensions
Flat Head Machine Screw Head Dimensions and Drawings - Smith .phillips screwdriver size chart allen key slot dimensions
Further reading[ edit ]
Official technical specifications- PCI-SIG (March 29, 2002). PCI Local Bus Specification: Revision 2.3 . (00 for non-members or for members. PCI-SIG membership is 00 per year.)
- PCI-SIG (August 12, 2002). PCI Local Bus Specification: Revision 3.0 . (00 for non-members or for members. PCI-SIG membership is 00 per year.)
- PCI Bus Demystified ; 2nd Ed; Doug Abbott; 250 pages; 2004; ISBN 978-0-7506-7739-4 .
- PCI System Architecture ; 4th Ed; Tom Shanley; 832 pages; 1999; ISBN 978-0-201-30974-4 .
- PCI-X System Architecture ; 1st Ed; Tom Shanley; 752 pages; 2000; ISBN 978-0-201-72682-4 .
- PCI & PCI-X Hardware and Software Architecture & Design ; 5th Ed; Ed Solari; 1140 pages; 2001; ISBN 978-0-929392-63-9 .
- PCI HotPlug Application and Design ; 1st Ed; Alan Goodrum; 162 pages; 1998; ISBN 978-0-929392-60-8 .
#2 phillips drive dimensionsNavegación Item # TS3515SL, 35 x 15 Steel Slotted Mounting DIN Rail On .T-Slot Milling Cutters | 08-910-800 | Travers Tool Co., Inc. NamespacesConfiguration accessResults 1 - 16 of 62 . Niagara Cutter N19384 T-Slot Shank Type Cutter, High Speed Steel, TiAlN Coated, Weldon Shank, 10 Helix Angle, 1-1/2' Cutter Diameter, .
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A dovetail joint is most commonly used in wood working but also in metal working as a way of creating a joint which is extremely strong. Dovetails are typically either 45 degree or 60 degree. Read More Compare Add to Wishlist Product added! Browse Wishlist The product is already in the wishlist! Browse WishlistT Slot Cutters – Taper and Parallel Shank
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Namespaces Physical dimensionsPluto 32.5 mm Dia 8 mm Width Woodruff Key Slot Cutter
Mixing of 32-bit and 64-bit PCI cards in different width slots[ edit ]
A semi-inserted PCI-X card in a 32 bit PCI slot, illustrating the necessity of the rightmost notch and the extra room on the motherboard in order to remain backwards compatibleMost 32-bit PCI cards will function properly in 64-bit PCI-X slots, but the bus clock rate will be limited to the clock frequency of the slowest card, an inherent limitation of PCI's shared bus topology. For example, when a PCI 2.3, 66-MHz peripheral is installed into a PCI-X bus capable of 133 MHz, the entire bus backplane will be limited to 66 MHz. To get around this limitation, many motherboards have multiple PCI/PCI-X buses, with one bus intended for use with high-speed PCI-X peripherals, and the other bus intended for general-purpose peripherals.
Many 64-bit PCI-X cards are designed to work in 32-bit mode if inserted in shorter 32-bit connectors, with some loss of performance. [19] [20] An example of this is the Adaptec 29160 64-bit SCSI interface card. [21] However, some 64-bit PCI-X cards do not work in standard 32-bit PCI slots. [22]
Installing a 64-bit PCI-X card in a 32-bit slot will leave the 64-bit portion of the card edge connector not connected and overhanging. This requires that there be no motherboard components positioned so as to mechanically obstruct the overhanging portion of the card edge connector.
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A quick project to mill a couple of woodruff keys in a shaft and to broach a matching keyway in a hole for a repair on a Clausing metal lathe. We use the Wells-Index Vertical Milling Machine to cut the Woodruff keys and then a hydraulic press to broach the keyway in a hole.
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A dovetail joint is most commonly used in wood working but also in metal working as a way of creating a joint which is extremely strong. Dovetails are typically either 45 degree or 60 degree. A dovetail cutter is an endmill whose form leaves behind a dovetail slot, such as often forms the ways of a machine tool. Read More Compare Add to Wishlist Product added! Browse Wishlist The product is already in the wishlist! Browse WishlistExternal links[ edit ]
- PCI-SIG , the industry organization that maintains and develops the various PCI standards
- PCI-Express Specification , PCI-SIG
- 'PCI Express Base Specification Revision 1.0' . PCI-SIG. 29 April 2002. (Subscription required (help)).
- 'PCI Express Architecture', Developer Network , Intel
- Introduction to PCI Protocol , Electro Friends
- An introduction to how PCIe works at the TLP level , Xilly Bus
- PCI Express Basics , 2007, by Ravi Budruk, MindShare, Inc.
- PCI Express Atomic Operations (also known as 'AtomicOps')
- PCI Express 2.0 Electrical Specification , 2006, by Jeff Morriss and Gerry Talbot
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